Geographical Information System Computer-Oriented Technique

Question: Describe about the Geographical Information System for Computer-Oriented Technique. Answer: What is Geographical Information System (GIS)? GIS describes a computer-oriented technique used to analyze, stores, as well as manipulates and visualized the geographic information on a given map. The GIS can also be understood as a computerized system for capturing, storing, checking as well as displaying the data linked to a position on the surface of the earth (Burrough 2010). It is a piece of software which captures the geographic data for manipulation, viewing as well as analysis in whichever context as well as parameters the operator needs or desires. It is being utilized in the analysis of spatial data or geographic information for a particular as well as possible purpose (Cmara et al., 2012). It has the potential to show several different types of data on a single map. This potentiality of GIS allows individuals to more easily view, analyze as well as understand the relationships and patterns. Principle of Geographical Information System (GIS) Principles of cartography Principles of coordinate systems Principles of projections Function of Geographical Information System (GIS) Locating Features GIS tells where points, lines as well as polygons are found. For example, it will show one where the closest gas station is since it helps search for an excellent location by giving information on traffic volumes, demographic and zoning information (Rojanamon, Chaisomphob and Bureekul 2009). Explains Geographical Patterns GIS is used by an ecologist to known suitable habitat for elk by gaining understanding through its collars and forest inventory. Tell about changes over a given period GIS has enhanced understanding of climate change thereby better-evaluating safety concerns like terrain slope and the likelihood of avalanche occurrence. Tell about spatial implication It has help electricity company that wishes to build a transmission line to evaluate the effect on nearby homes, safety, and environment by using GIS-based environmental assessment to understand the landscape. Components of Geographical Information System (GIS) A working GIS incorporates five essential elements including hardware, people, method, data, and software. Hardware The computer on which the GIS operates such as centralized computer servers and desktop computers utilized in networked configuration or stand-alone. Software Provides functions as well as tools required to store, analyzes as well as display geographic information. Data It is the most significant component. It can be spatial data integrated with related data resources. People These are the managers of GIS and developers of plans for applying GIS to real-world problems. They are also users ranging from specialists that design and maintain the GIS to people using GIS to help them undertake everyday work. Methods GIS operates by a well-designed plan and business. It includes models and operating practices distinct to the individual organization. Type of Geographical Information System (GIS) Vector spatial data types- It is comprised of vector graphs with vertices and paths Raster spatial data type- consist of pixels or grid cells. Usually regularly-spaced and square. Advantages and Disadvantages Of Geographical Information System (GIS) (i) Advantages Cost Savings from Greater Efficiency GIS is broadly applied to optimize maintenance schedules as well as daily fleet movements. A saving of between ten and thirty percent in operational expense via a reduction in fuel utilization and staff time, enhanced customer service, and efficient scheduling have resulted from a typical implementation. It helped the Woodland City to refine its fleet scheduling thereby saving labor and fuel (Chrisman 2014). Improved Communication GIS-oriented maps and visualization are increasingly helpful in the understanding of situations and storytelling. GIS language uses a language that enhances communication between various teams and professional fields. Michele Corporation collaboration and communication has been improving by GIS. Better Record Keeping GIS has provided organizations with a robust framework for the management of authoritative records regarding geographical status and change. Montana has achieved ROI of over 9 million dollars based on GIS. Better Decision Making GIS remains the proven go-to technology for better decision making regarding location in real estate and corridor selection and evacuation planning. Taiwan has planned for and responded to typhoons using GIS. (ii) Disadvantages Technical Nature GIS technical nature may portray outcome as being more reliable than they are. GIS errors and assumptions can be hidden resulting in a lack of questioning into the results. Accuracy is data-dependent Analyzing results from a GIS will only be accurate when the data they are drawn from are accurate. Hence, data might fail to serve separate contexts where the data is inapplicable. Applications Of Geographical Information System (GIS) Disaster Management GIS has been used in the Hurrican Katrina where it is believed that it the first time GIS was applied as a tool for managing the disaster. It facilitated the efforts of data transmission both before and during the initial relief efforts that were very useful to the relief efforts. This is because the first responders on the ground shared significant deal regarding the street plans. GIS is currently used in the management of environmental problems and particularly in disaster relief. Crime Statistics GIS is currently essential to law enforcement as well as planning based on crime statistics. This is because the automated together with digital mapping of reported crime has eased the process. This is particularly when looking at various types of crime from separate departments in the major cities (Smith and Tomlinson 2012). Police get a much better idea of an entire picture of a large region based on the ability to share maps as well as look for correlations between various types of crime. The community leaders and police get a better understanding of one another hence enhancing two-way dialogue (Powe et al. 2007). Transport In regards to one of the greatest public works in the United Kingdom currently regarding the planned HIGh Speed 2 (HS2) Grail connection between Manchester and London and later beyond, GIS has been essential. This work involves a massive amount of planning besides agencies have input into the project (Guanfu and Ershun 2008). GIS has been applied to reduce the logistical problem based on the massive amount of data available and gathered on active GIS site so that the effective decisions are reached while concurrently respecting the local environment and local infrastructure (Baker and Cai 2012). References Baker, W.L. and Cai, Y., 2012. The r. le programs for multiscale analysis of landscape structure using the GRASS geographical information system. Landscape ecology, 7(4), pp.291-302. Burrough, P.A., 2010. Principles of geographical information systems for land resources assessment. Cmara, G., Souza, R.C.M., Freitas, U.M. and Garrido, J., 2012. SPRING: Integrating remote sensing and GIS by object-oriented data modelling. Computers graphics, 20(3), pp.395-403. Chrisman, N.R., 2014. Part 2: issues and problems relating to cartographic data use, exchange and transfer: the role of quality information in the long-term functioning of a geographic information system. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 21(2-3), pp.79-88. Guanfu, S. and Ershun, Z., 2008. Research and Development of Components Geographic Information Systems [J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 4. Powe, N.A., Garraod, G.D., Brunsdon, C.F. and Willis, K.G., 2007. Using a geographic information system to estimate an hedonic price model of the benefits of woodland access. Forestry, 70(2), pp.139-149. Rojanamon, P., Chaisomphob, T. and Bureekul, T., 2009. Application of geographical information system to site selection of small run-of-river hydropower project by considering engineering/economic/environmental criteria and social impact. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(9), pp.2336-2348. Smith, D.A. and Tomlinson, R.F., 2012. Assessing costs and benefits of geographical information systems: methodological and implementation issues. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 6(3), pp.247-256.